Características de la trombosis venosa cerebral en pacientes de dos hospitales universitarios de Colombia en el período 2018-2020 / Characteristics of cerebral venous thrombosis in patients from two university hospitals in Colombia between 2018-2020

Introducción. La trombosis venosa cerebral es una causa infrecuente de enfermedad cerebrovascular que viene en aumento a nivel mundial. A pesar de ello, actualmente, en Colombia no se cuenta con estudios suficientes que nos permitan caracterizar epidemiológicamente la enfermedad en nuestra población para identificar los factores de riesgo y las complicaciones más frecuentes en nuestro medio. Objetivo. Describir las características clínicas, demográficas y radiológicas, y los factores de riesgo de una serie de pacientes con trombosis venosa cerebral de dos hospitales de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Es un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de pacientes hospitalizados, atendidos en el servicio de neurología de dos hospitales de Bogotá desde diciembre de 2018 hasta diciembre del 2020. Resultados. Se incluyeron 33 pacientes. Las frecuencias más altas correspondieron a mujeres en edad fértil, en puerperio (n=7; 33,3 %) y pacientes con patologías autoinmunes (n=10; 30,3 %). El síntoma inicial más común fue la cefalea (n=31; 93,9 %), seguido de focalización neurológica (n=9; 27,2%) y crisis epiléptica (n=8; 24,2 %). El 51 % (n=17) de los pacientes tuvo un examen físico normal. El infarto venoso cerebral se presentó en el 21,1 % (n=7), la hemorragia subaracnoidea en el 12,1 % (n=4) y el hematoma intraparenquimatoso en el 9 % (n=3) del total de pacientes. El 60,6 % (n=20) quedó con nivel independiente en la escala funcional de Barthel. Ningún paciente falleció. Conclusiones. Se encontraron características sociodemográficas, clínicas y radiológicas similares a lo reportado en la literatura mundial. Con respecto a las diferencias, se encontró en nuestro estudio compromiso de la circulación venosa cerebral profunda en un porcentaje ligeramente mayor a lo descrito, pero sin aumento de complicaciones, ni mortalidad.

Introduction. Cerebral venous thrombosis is an uncommon cause of cerebrovascular disease, which has been increasing worldwide. In Colombia, there are not enough recent studies that allow us to determine epidemiological characteristics of the disease in our population to identify more frequent risk factors and complications according to our living conditions. Objective. To describe clinical, demographic, and radiographic characteristics, and risk factors in a cohort of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis attended at two hospitals in Colombia. Materials and methods. Retrospective descriptive study with patients treated in the hospitalization neurology service of two hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia from December 2018 to December 2020. Results. Thirty-three patients were included. There was a higher incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis in women of childbearing age in the puerperium (n=7; 33.3%) and associated with autoimmune diseases (n=10; 30.3%). The most common initial symptom was headache (n=31; 93.9 %), followed by neurological focal signs (n=9; 27.2%) and seizures (n=8; 24.2%). Fifty-one percent (n=17) of the patients had a normal physical examination. Cerebral venous infarction occurred in 21.1 % (n=7), subarachnoid hemorrhage in 12.1 % (n=4), and intraparenchymal hematoma in 9 % (n=3) of all the patients. Sixty-point six percent (n=20) of the patients had a total independent Barthel functional scale. None of those died. Conclusions. We found similar sociodemographic, clinical, and radiography characteristics to those reported in the world literature. Regarding the differences, deep cerebral venous circulation was higher than that described in previous studies but without complications increase or mortality.

Indian food habit & food ingredients may have a role in lowering the severity & high death rate from COVID-19 in Indians: findings from the first nutrigenomic analysis

Background & objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the death rate was reportedly 5-8 fold lower in India which is densely populated as compared to less populated western countries. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dietary habits were associated with the variations in COVID-19 severity and deaths between western and Indian population at the nutrigenomics level. Methods: In this study nutrigenomics approach was applied. Blood transcriptome of severe COVID-19 patients from three western countries (showing high fatality) and two datasets from Indian patients were used. Gene set enrichment analyses were performed for pathways, metabolites, nutrients, etc., and compared for western and Indian samples to identify the food- and nutrient-related factors, which may be associated with COVID-19 severity. Data on the daily consumption of twelve key food componentsacross four countries were collected and a correlation between nutrigenomics analyses and per capita daily dietary intake was investigated. Results: Distinct dietary habits of Indians were observed, which may be associated with low death rate from COVID-19. Increased consumption of red meat, dairy products and processed foods by western populations may increase the severity and death rate by activating cytokine storm-related pathways, intussusceptive angiogenesis, hypercapnia and enhancing blood glucose levels due to high contents of sphingolipids, palmitic acid and byproducts such as CO2 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Palmitic acid also induces ACE2 expression and increases the infection rate. Coffee and alcohol that are highly consumed in western countries may increase the severity and death rates from COVID-19 by deregulating blood iron, zinc and triglyceride levels. The components of Indian diets maintain high iron and zinc concentrations in blood and rich fibre in their foods may prevent CO2 and LPS-mediated COVID-19 severity. Regular consumption of tea by Indians maintains high high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low triglyceride in blood as catechins in tea act as natural atorvastatin. Importantly, regular consumption of turmeric in daily food by Indians maintains strong immunity and curcumin in turmeric may prevent pathways and mechanisms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity and lowered the death rate. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results suggest that Indian food components suppress cytokine storm and various other severity related pathways of COVID-19 and may have a role in lowering severity and death rates from COVID-19 in India as compared to western populations. However, large multi-centered case?control studies are required to support our current findings.

Risco de exacerbação de asma em adolescentes usuários de dispositivos eletrônicos de liberação de nicotina: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise / Risk of asthma exacerbation in adolescent users of electronic nicotine delivery systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a associação entreo o uso dos cigarros eletrônicos e doenças pulmonares em adolescentes. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática na base de dados PubMed. Os termos Mesh incluídos na busca foram "Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems" e "Lung Diseases" e sinônimos no título e abstract, com o filtro de idade "child: birth - 18 years", para buscar artigos relacionados ao uso de cigarros eletrônicos e doenças pulmonares em adolescentes. Os critérios de elegibilidade consistiram em: usuários adolescentes, exposição ao cigarro eletrônico e doença pulmonar como desfecho. Os artigos foram selecionados por uma revisão pareada de maneira independente, primeiramente com a leitura dos títulos e resumos, seguida da leitura integral dos artigos selecionados, os quais foram analisados pela ferramenta New Castle-Ottawa quanto sua qualidade, e receberam entre 5 e 7 estrelas. Os dados encontrados foram extraídos para a realização da metanálise. Inicialmente foram encontrados 61 artigos, sendo seis considerados elegíveis, todos transversais e com aplicação de questionários. Na metanálise foi encontrada uma associação significativa entre o uso de cigarro eletrônico e exacerbação de asma (OR ajustado 1,44; IC 95% 1,17­1,76). Não foram encontrados estudos que avaliassem a associação do cigarro eletrônico e outras doenças pulmonares, incluindo EVALI (E-cigarette or Vaping product use-Associated Lung Injury), em adolescentes. Na metanálise foi encontrada uma associação significativa entre exacerbações de asma e uso de cigarros eletrônicos em adolescentes com asma crônica e nos previamente hígidos.

This study aims to investigate the association between electronic cigarette use and lung disease in adolescents. A systematic review was conducted in PubMed. We used the MeSH terms "Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems" and "Lung Diseases" as well as synonyms in the title and abstract, with the age filter "child: birth - 18 years" to search for articles related to electronic cigarette use and lung disease in adolescents. The eligibility criteria consisted of adolescent users and exposure to e-cigarettes that resulted in lung disease. The articles were selected by independent assessment, reading first the titles and abstracts, then the full text of the selected articles. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess study quality, and the included studies received between 5 and 7 stars. Finally, the data were extracted for meta-analysis. Initially, 61 articles were found and 6 were considered eligible, all of which were cross-sectional and applied questionnaires. The meta-analysis found a significant association between electronic cigarette use and asthma exacerbation (adjusted OR 1.44 95% CI 1.17 - 1.76). However, no studies evaluated the association with other lung diseases, including electronic cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury in adolescents. The metaanalysis revealed a significant association between e-cigarette use and asthma exacerbation among adolescents with chronic asthma, as well as among their previously healthy peers.

Associação de Nível de Renda e Doença Isquêmica do Coração: Papel Potencial da Caminhabilidade / Association of Income Level and Ischemic Heart Disease: Potential Role of Walkability

Resumo Fundamento O nível socioeconômico tem sido associado à doença isquêmica do coração (DIC). Bairros de alta renda podem expor os indivíduos a um ambiente construído que promova caminhadas para atividades diárias (caminhabilidade). Faltam dados sobre a associação entre renda e DIC em países de renda média. Também é incerto se a caminhabilidade medeia essa associação. Objetivos Investigar se a renda está associada à DIC em um país de renda média e se a caminhabilidade dos bairros medeia a associação entre renda e DIC. Métodos O presente estudo transversal avaliou 44.589 pacientes encaminhados para imagem de perfusão miocárdica (SPECT-MPI). A renda e a caminhabilidade foram derivadas do setor censitário residencial dos participantes. A pontuação quantitativa da caminhabilidade combinou as seguintes 4 variáveis: conectividade viária, densidade residencial, densidade comercial e uso misto do solo. A DIC foi definida pela presença de perfusão miocárdica anormal durante um estudo SPECT-MPI. Utilizamos modelos ajustados com efeitos mistos para avaliar a associação entre nível de renda e DIC e realizamos uma análise de mediação para medir o percentual da associação entre renda e DIC mediada pela caminhabilidade. Consideramos valores de p abaixo de 0,01 como estatisticamente significativos. Resultados Dos 26.415 participantes, aqueles que residiam no setor censitário do tercil de menor renda eram mais fisicamente inativos (79,1% versus 75,8% versus 72,7%) quando comparados aos setores censitários do tercil de maior renda (p < 0,001). A renda foi associada à DIC (odds ratio: 0,91 [intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,87 a 0,96] para cada aumento de 1000,00 dólares internacionais na renda), para homens e mulheres igualmente (p para interação = 0,47). Os setores censitários com maior renda estiveram associados a uma melhor caminhabilidade (p < 0,001); no entanto, a caminhabilidade não mediou a associação entre renda e DIC (porcentagem mediada = −0,3%). Conclusões A renda foi independentemente associada a maior prevalência de DIC em um país de renda média, independentemente de gênero. Embora a caminhabilidade tenha sido associada à renda do setor censitário, ela não mediou a associação entre renda e DIC.

Abstract Background Socioeconomic status has been linked to ischemic heart disease (IHD). High-income neighborhoods may expose individuals to a walking-promoting built environment for daily activities (walkability). Data from the association between income and IHD is lacking in middle-income countries. It is also uncertain whether walkability mediates this association. Objectives To investigate whether income is associated with IHD in a middle-income country and whether neighborhood walkability mediates the income-IHD association. Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated 44,589 patients referred for myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT-MPI). Income and walkability were derived from participants' residential census tract. Walkability quantitative score combined 4 variables: street connectivity, residential density, commercial density, and mixed land use. IHD was defined by abnormal myocardial perfusion during a SPECT-MPI study. We used adjusted mixed effects models to evaluate the association between income level and IHD, and we performed a mediation analysis to measure the percentage of the income-IHD association mediated by walkability. We considered p values below 0.01 as statistically significant. Results From 26,415 participants, those living in the lowest-income tertile census tract were more physically inactive (79.1% versus 75.8% versus 72.7%) when compared to higher-income tertile census tracts (p < 0.001). Income was associated with IHD (odds ratio: 0.91 [95% confidence interval: 0.87 to 0.96] for each 1,000.00 international dollars increase in income) for both men and women equally (p for interaction = 0.47). Census tracts with a higher income were associated with better walkability (p < 0.001); however, walkability did not mediate the income-IHD association (percent mediated = −0.3%). Conclusions Income was independently associated with higher prevalence of IHD in a middle-income country irrespective of gender. Although walkability was associated with census tract income, it did not mediate the income-IHD association.

Influência do Exercício Físico sobre a Mecânica de Contração do Ventrículo Esquerdo após Infarto do Miocárdio / Influence of Physical Training after a Myocardial Infarction on Left Ventricular Contraction Mechanics

Resumo Fundamento O exercício exerce um papel positivo na evolução da doença cardíaca isquêmica, melhorando a capacidade funcional e prevenindo o remodelamento ventricular. Objetivo Investigar o impacto do exercício sobre a mecânica de contração do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) após um infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) não complicado. Métodos Um total de 53 pacientes foram incluídos e alocados aleatoriamente em um programa de treinamento supervisionado (grupo TREINO, n=27) ou em um grupo CONTROLE (n=26) que recebeu recomendações usuais sobre a prática de exercício físico após um IAM. Todos os pacientes realizaram um teste cardiopulmonar e um ecocardiograma com speckle tracking para medir vários parâmetros da mecânica de contração do VE em um mês e cinco meses após o IAM. Um valor de p <0,05 foi considerado para significância estatística nas comparações das variáveis. Resultados Não foram encontradas diferenças nas análises dos parâmetros de strain circunferencial, radial ou longitudinal do VE entre os grupos após o período de treinamento. Após o programa, a análise da mecânica de torção revelou uma redução na rotação basal do VE no grupo TREINO em comparação ao grupo CONTROLE (5,9±2,3 vs. 7,5±2.9o; p=0,03), bem como na velocidade rotacional basal (53,6±18,4 vs. 68,8± 22,1 º/s; p=0,01), velocidade de twist (127,4±32,2 vs. 149,9±35,9 º/s; p=0,02) e na torção (2,4±0,4 vs. 2,8±0, º/cm; p=0,02). Conclusões A atividade física não causou melhora significativa nos parâmetros de deformação longitudinal, radial ou circunferencial do VE. No entanto, o exercício teve um impacto significativo sobre a mecânica de torção do VE, que consistiu em uma redução na rotação basal, na velocidade de twist, na torção, e na velocidade de torção, que pode ser interpretada como uma "reserva" de torção ventricular nessa população.

Abstract Background Exercise plays a positive role in the course of the ischemic heart disease, enhancing functional capacity and preventing ventricular remodeling. Objective To investigate the impact of exercise on left ventricular (LV) contraction mechanics after an uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods A total of 53 patients was included, 27 of whom were randomized to a supervised training program (TRAINING group), and 26 to a CONTROL group, who received usual recommendations on physical exercise after AMI. All patients underwent cardiopulmonary stress testing and a speckle tracking echocardiography to measure several parameters of LV contraction mechanics at one month and five months after AMI. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for the comparisons of the variables. Results No significant difference were found in the analysis of LV longitudinal, radial and circumferential strain parameters between groups after the training period. After the training program, analysis of torsional mechanics demonstrated a reduction in the LV basal rotation in the TRAINING group in comparison to the CONTROL group (5.9±2.3 vs. 7.5±2.9o; p=0.03), and in the basal rotational velocity (53.6±18.4 vs.68.8±22.1 º/s; p=0.01), twist velocity (127.4±32.2 vs. 149.9±35.9 º/s; p=0.02) and torsion (2.4±0.4 vs. 2.8±0.8 º/cm; p=0.02). Conclusions Physical activity did not cause a significant improvement in LV longitudinal, radial and circumferential deformation parameters. However, the exercise had a significant impact on the LV torsional mechanics, consisting of a reduction in basal rotation, twist velocity, torsion and torsional velocity which can be interpreted as a ventricular "torsion reserve" in this population.

Achados Ecocardiográficos Anormais em Pacientes Internados com Covid-19: Uma Revisão Sistemática e Metanálise / Abnormal Echocardiographic Findings in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Resumo Fundamentos A doença do coronavírus 2019 (Covid-19) pode levar à insuficiência respiratória grave e lesão cardíaca aguda, mas não está claro com que frequência ela pode causar disfunção cardíaca. Objetivos Nesta revisão sistemática, nosso objetivo foi resumir os principais achados ecocardiográficos em pacientes com Covid-19. Métodos Conduzimos uma busca sistemática nos bancos de dados PUBMED, EMBASE, LILACS e Cochrane, além de artigos não pulicados ( preprints ) no MedRxiv e Scielo desde o início até 21 de julho de 2021. Foram incluídos estudos que apresentaram dados ecocardiográficos de pacientes com Covid-19. Características demográficas, doença cardiovascular (DCV) prévia, e achados ecocardiográficos foram extraídos dos estudos. Realizamos uma metanálise de proporções para estimar os principais achados ecocardiográficos. O nível de significância foi p<0,05. Resultados Do total de 11 233 estudos, 38 preencheram os critérios de inclusão e foram incluídos na metanálise. A proporção estimada de disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) foi 25% (IC95%: 19, 31; I2 93%), strain longitudinal global anormal 34% (IC95% 23, 45; I2 90%), disfunção sistólica do ventrículo direito (VD) 17% (IC95% 13, 21; I2 90%), derrame pericárdico 17% (IC95%: 9, 26; I2 97%), e hipertensão pulmonar 23% (IC95%: 15, 33, I2 96%). Disfunção sistólica do VE foi diretamente associada com prevalência de ecocardiograma anormal prévio nos estudos (p<0,001). A proporção de pacientes em ventilação mecânica, indicando gravidade da doença, não explicou a heterogeneidade nas proporções de disfunção do VE (p=0,37). Conclusão Entre os pacientes internados com Covid-19, a disfunção ventricular esquerda foi descrita em um quarto dos pacientes, com menores proporções de disfunção do ventrículo direito, derrame pericárdico e hipertensão pulmonar. No entanto, houve uma proporção mais alta de disfunção do VE nos estudos que relataram presença de doença cardíaca prévia, sugerindo que a disfunção cardíaca era predominantemente pré-existente.

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) can lead to severe respiratory distress and acute cardiac injury, but it is unclear how often it can cause cardiac dysfunction. Objective In this systematic review, we aimed to summarize the main echocardiographic findings in patients with Covid-19. Methods We systematically searched in PUBMED, EMBASE, LILACS and Cochrane databases, in addition MedRxiv and Scielo preprints from inception to July 21st, 2021. Studies reporting echocardiographic data in patients with Covid-19 were included. Demographic characteristics, previous cardiovascular disease (CVD), and echocardiographic findings were extracted. We performed a meta-analysis of proportions to estimate the main echocardiographic findings. The level of significance was p < 0.05. Results From 11,233 studies, 38 fulfilled inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The estimated proportions of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction were 25% (95%CI: 19, 31; I293%), abnormal global longitudinal strain 34% (95% CI 23, 45; I290%), righ ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction 17% (95%CI 13, 21; I290%), pericardial effusion 17% (95%CI: 9, 26; I297%), and pulmonary hypertension 23% (95%CI: 15, 33, I2 96%). LV systolic dysfunction was directly associated with study-specific prevalence of previous abnormal echocardiogram (p<0.001). The proportion of patients in mechanical ventilation, indicating severity of disease, did not explain the heterogeneity in the proportions of LV dysfunction (p=0.37). Conclusion Among hospitalized patients with Covid-19, LV dysfunction has been reported in one quarter, with smaller proportions of right ventricular dysfunction, pericardial effusion and pulmonary hypertension. However, there was a higher proportion of LV dysfunction among studies reporting the presence of prior heart disease, which suggests that cardiac dysfunction was mostly pre-existing.

Competencia motriz en escolares de primer y segundo año de primaria en la región de Araucanía, Chile / Motor competence in First and Second grade School children in the Araucanía Region, Chile

Resumen Martinez-Lopez, N., Espinoza-Silva, M. y Carcamo-Oyarzun, J. (2021). Competencia motriz en escolares de primer y segundo año de primaria en la región La Araucanía, Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. La competencia motriz es un componente importante para la participación en la cultura del juego, deportes y actividad física, por lo que su desarrollo es fundamental en el inicio de la trayectoria escolar. Este estudio tuvo como propósitos: describir el desempeño en la competencia motriz de Control de Objetos y Control del Cuerpo de estudiantes de primer y segundo grado de primaria de Chile; determinar la relación entre la competencia motriz y la edad; y establecer la existencia de posibles diferencias según el sexo de los estudiantes. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, siendo un estudio no experimental de corte transversal y de tipo descriptivo-correlacional. Participaron 289 escolares (51.2% niñas, 48.8% niños) de entre seis y ocho años de cinco establecimientos educacionales de la región de La Araucanía, Chile. Se utilizó el test MOBAK 1-2 para la evaluación de la competencia motriz en dos dimensiones (Control de Objetos y Control del Cuerpo). Para establecer la relación entre competencia motriz y edad se utilizó el coeficiente rho de Spearman, y para determinar la existencia de diferencias según sexo se utilizó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, determinando el tamaño del efecto a través del cálculo de probabilidad de superioridad (PS). Los resultados indican que la edad se relaciona de forma positiva con el Control de Objetos (p < .001, r = .315) y el Control del Cuerpo (p < .001, r = .261). Al comparar los desempeños motrices según sexo, los niños presentan mejores resultados que las niñas en tareas motrices asociadas al Control de Objetos (U = 13533.000, Z = 4.439, p < .001, PSest = .61), mientras que en Control del Cuerpo no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Tanto la edad como el sexo de los estudiantes son variables asociadas al desarrollo de la competencia motriz. Estos resultados aportan información relevante para diseñar estrategias pedagógicas que busquen fomentar la competencia motriz de manera óptima y equitativa.

Abstract Martinez-Lopez, N., Espinoza-Silva, M. & Carcamo-Oyarzun, J. (2021). Motor competence in first- and second-grade schoolchildren in The Araucanía, Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. Motor competence is a significant component for participation in the culture of play, sports, and physical activity. Its development is therefore key at the early stages of a child's journey through the educational system. The purposes of this study were to describe performance in the motor competence of Object Control and Body Control in first- and second-grade elementary school students in Chile, to determine the relationship between this motor competence and age, and to establish the existence of potential sex-related differences among the students. A quantitative approach was used, as this was a non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study. Participants included 289 schoolchildren (51.2% girls, 48.8% boys) between six and eight years of age in five schools of the region of La Araucanía, Chile. The MOBAK 1-2 test was used for assessing the motor competence in two dimensions (Object Control and Body Control). In order to establish the relationship between motor competence and age, Spearman's rho coefficiient was used; and Mann-Whitney's U test was used to determine the existence of sex-related differences, determining the extent of the effect through superiority probability (SP) calculation. The results indicate that age is positively related to Object Control (p < .001, r = .315) and Body Control (p < .001, r = .261). When comparing motor performances according to sex, boys showed better results than girls in motor tasks associated to Object Control (U = 13533.000, Z = 4.439, p < .001, PSest = .61), whereas no statistically significant differences were found in Body Control. Both age and sex in students are variables associated to the development of this motor competence. These results provide relevant information for designing pedagogical strategies that seek to foster motor competence in an optimal, equitable manner.

Resumo Martinez-Lopez, N., Espinoza-Silva, M. e Carcamo-Oyarzun, J. (2021). Competência motora em escolares do primeiro e segundo ano do ensino fundamental na região de La Araucanía, Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. A competência motora é um componente importante para a participação na cultura do jogo, do esporte e da atividade física, por isso seu desenvolvimento é fundamental no início da trajetória escolar. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o desempenho na competência motora do Controle de Objetos e Controle Corporal de escolares do primeiro e do segundo ano do Ensino Fundamental no Chile; determinar a relação entre competência motora e idade; e estabelecer a existência de possíveis diferenças de acordo com o sexo dos estudantes. Utilizou-se uma abordagem quantitativa, sendo um estudo transversal e descritivo-correlacional não experimental. Participaram 289 estudantes (51,2% meninas, 48,8% meninos) entre seis e oito anos de cinco instituições de ensino da região de La Araucania, no Chile. O teste MOBAK 1-2 foi utilizado para a avaliação da competência motora em duas dimensões (Controle de Objetos e Controle Corporal). Para estabelecer a relação entre competência motora e idade, foi utilizado o coeficiente rô de Spearman, e para determinar a existência de diferenças de acordo com o sexo, foi utilizado o teste U de Mann-Whitney, determinando o tamanho do efeito por meio do cálculo da probabilidade de superioridade (PS). Os resultados indicam que a idade está positivamente relacionada ao Controle de Objetos (p< 0,001, r= 0,315) e Controle corporal (p< 0,001; r = 0,261). Ao comparar o desempenho motor por sexo, os meninos apresentam melhores resultados do que as meninas em tarefas motoras associadas ao Controle de Objetos (U= 13533,000; Z = 4,439; p < 0,001; PSest = 0,61), enquanto no Controle Corporal não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Tanto a idade quanto o sexo dos estudantes são variáveis associadas ao desenvolvimento da competência motora. Esses resultados fornecem informações relevantes para a concepção de estratégias pedagógicas que buscam promover a competência motora de forma ideal e equitativa.

C-Reactive protein level and left ventricular mass are associated with acute cellular rejection after heart transplant

OBJECTIVES: Acute cellular rejection (ACR) remains a major complication of heart transplant (HT). The gold standard for its diagnosis is endomyocardial biopsy (EMB), whereas the role of non-invasive biomarkers for detecting ACR is unclear. This study aimed to identify non-invasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of ACR in patients undergoing HT and presenting with normal left ventricular function. METHODS: We evaluated patients who underwent HT at a single center between January 2010 and June 2019. Patients were enrolled after HT, and those with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction before EMB were excluded. We included only the results of the first EMB performed at least 30 days after HT (median, 90 days). Troponin, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured and echocardiography was performed up to 7 days before EMB. ACR was defined as International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade 2R or 3R on EMB. We performed logistic regression analysis to identify the non-invasive predictors of ACR (2R or 3R) and evaluated the accuracy of each using area under the receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: We analyzed 72 patients after HT (51.31±13.63 years; 25 [34.7%] women); of them, 9 (12.5%) developed ACR. Based on multivariate logistic regression analysis, we performed forward stepwise selection (entry criteria, p<0.05). The only independent predictors that remained in the model were CRP level and LV mass index. The optimal cut-off point for CRP level was ≥15.9 mg/L (odds ratio [OR], 11.7; p=0.007) and that for LV mass index was ≥111 g/m2 (OR, 13.6; p=0.003). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve derived from this model was 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-0.99), with sensitivity of 85.7% (95% CI, 42.1%-99.6%), specificity of 78.4% (95% CI, 64.7%-88.7%), positive predictive value of 35.3% (95% CI, 14.3%-61.7%), and negative predictive value of 97.6% (95% CI, 87.1%-99.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing HT, CRP level and LV mass were directly associated with ACR, but troponin and BNP levels were not.

Achados ao ecocardiograma transtorácico em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID- 19: resultados do registro brasileiro de ecocardiografia durante a pandemia de COVID-19 (ECOVID) / Transthoracic echocardiography findings of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: results from the brazilian echocardiography registry during the COVID-19 Pandemic (ECOVID)

Fundamento: A ecocardiografia transtorácica (ETT) pode desempenhar um papel crucial na avaliação das manifestações cardíacas da COVID-19. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi relatar a prevalência das principais anormalidades ecocardiográficas em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo observacional multicêntrico prospectivo com pacientes com COVID-19 submetidos a ETT durante a internação. Pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca prévia, doença arterial coronariana ou fibrilação atrial foram classificados como portadores de doença cardiovascular (DCV) prévia. Foram coletados dados clínicos e ecocardiográficos da estrutura e da função cardíaca. Resultados: Avaliamos 310 pacientes com COVID-19, com 62±16 anos de idade, 61% homens, 53% com hipertensão arterial, 33% com diabetes e 23% com DCV prévia. No total, 65% dos pacientes necessitaram de suporte em unidade de terapia intensiva. As alterações ecocardiográficas mais prevalentes foram hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) (29%), hipertensão pulmonar (25%), disfunção sistólida do VE (16,5%), disfunção sistólica do ventrículo direito (VD) (15,9%), disfunção diastólica do VE grau II/III (11%) e alteração da contratilidade regional do VE (11%). Derrame pericárdico foi incomum (7%). Hipertrofia do VE (25 vs. 45%, p=0,001), disfunção sistólica do VE (11 vs. 36%, p<0,001), alterações da contratilidade regional (6 vs. 29%, p<0,001), disfunção diastólica do VE grau II/III (9 vs. 19%, p=0,03) e hipertensão pulmonar (22 vs. 36%, p=0,019) foram menos comuns nos pacientes sem do que com DCV prévia. A disfunção sistólica do VD mostrou-se semelhante em pacientes sem e com DCV prévia (13 vs. 25%, p=0,07). Conclusões: Entre os pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19, os achados ecocardiográficos anormais foram comuns, porém menos encontrados naqueles sem DCV. A disfunção sistólica do VD pareceu afetar de forma semelhante pacientes com e sem DCV prévia. (AU)

Background: Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) may play a crucial role in the evaluation of cardiac manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objective: We aimed to report the prevalence of the main echocardiographic abnormalities of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: We performed a prospective multicenter observational study in patients with COVID-19 who underwent TTE during hospitalization. Patients with pre-existing heart failure, coronary artery disease, or atrial fibrillation were categorized as having previous cardiovascular disease (CVD). Clinical and echocardiographic data about cardiac structure and function were collected. Results: We evaluated 310 patients with COVID-19 (mean age, 62±16 years; 61% men; 53% with arterial hypertension; 33% with diabetes; and 23% with previous CVD). Overall, 65% of the patients required intensive care unit support. The most prevalent echocardiographic abnormalities were LV hypertrophy (29%), pulmonary hypertension (25%), left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (16.5%), right ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction (15.9%), grade II/III LV diastolic dysfunction (11%), and LV regional wall motion abnormality (11%). Pericardial effusion was uncommon (7% of cases). LV hypertrophy (25% vs. 45%, p=0.001), LV systolic dysfunction (11% vs. 36%, p<0.001), regional wall motion abnormalities (6% vs. 29%, p<0.001), grade II/III LV diastolic dysfunction (9% vs. 19%, p=0.03), and pulmonary hypertension (22% vs. 36%, p=0.019) were less common in patients without previous CVD. RV systolic dysfunction occurred at similar frequencies in patients with versus without previous CVD (13% vs. 25%, p=0.07). Conclusions: Among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, abnormal echocardiographic findings were common, but less so among those without previous CVD. RV systolic dysfunction appeared to affect similar proportions of patients with versus without previous CVD. (AU)

Estado epiléptico en adultos: caracterización de pacientes monitorizados por videoelectroencefalograma / Status epilecticus in adults: patient characterization by video-electroencephalogram monitoringby video-electroencephalogram monitoring

Introducción: el estado epiléptico (EE) es una afección potencialmente mortal con una morbilidad significativa en quienes sobreviven a esta entidad. Pacientes y métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo de corte analítico con el objetivo de describir la prevalencia y la relación con variables sociodemográficas, electroencefalográficas, imagenológicas y desenlaces clínicos en los pacientes hospitalizados que fueron monitorizado por videoelectroencefalograma (VEEG), en el Hospital de San José de Bogotá, Colombia, entre agosto 2017 y agosto 2019. Resultados: de los 135 pacientes monitorizados por VEEG, 27,47% cumplieron con los criterios para EE. La edad promedio fue 48 (DE: 19,56) años, 54,05% (n=20) de sexo masculino y 75,67% (n=28) sin antecedentes de epilepsia. Predominaron las manifestaciones motoras (70,27%, n=26), en 59,46% en el puntaje STESS fue desfavorable, 64,86% (n=24) requirió inducción a coma y monitorización en la unidad de cuidados intensivos(UCI) y 37,84% (n=14) fallecieron durante su estancia intrahospitalaria. Se encontró una relación entre EE, requerimiento de UCI y muerte intrahospitalaria. Conclusiones: la prevalencia del EE en pacientes hospitalizados monitorizados por VEEG fue cercana a 28%, lo que sugiere una relación entre EE, requerimiento de UCI y muerte intrahospitalaria.

Introduction: status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening disorder associated with high morbidity in SE survivors. Patients and methods: descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study with the aim to characterize the prevalence and relation with socio-demographic, electroencephalography and neuro-image variables as well as clinical outcomes of hospitalized patients who received video-electroencephalogram (video-EEG) monitoring, at Hospital de San José in Bogotá, Colombia, between August 2017 and August 2019. Results: of the 135 patients who received video-EEG monitoring, 27.47% met the criteria for SE. The median age was 48 (SD: 19.56) years, 54.05% (n=20) were men and 75.67% (n=28) had no history of epilepsy. There was a predominance of motor manifestations (70.27%, n=26), 59.46% had an unfavorable STESS score, while 64.86% (n=24) required induced coma and monitoring in the intensive care unit (ICU) and 37.84 % (n=14) died during their hospital stay. A relationship was found between SE, requiring admission to the ICU and in-hospital death. Conclusions: the prevalence of SE in hospitalized patients monitored by video-EEG was close to 28%, and a relationship between SE, requiring ICU admission and in-hospital death is suggested.

Quantificação Semiautomática da Fração de Ejeção e Volumes do Ventrículo Esquerdo ao Ecocardiograma Bidimensional: Comparação com o Ecocardiograma Tridimensional Automático / Semiautomatic Quantification of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Volumes by Two-Dimensional Echocardiography: Comparison with Automatic Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

Fundamento: A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo é um dos parâmetros ecocardiográficos mais utilizados na prática clínica. Sua estimativa pelo método bidimensional manual (método de Simpson) tem reprodutibilidade e acurácia limitadas, e métodos semiautomáticos têm sido propostos. Torna-se necessário comparar o método bidimensional semiautomático com métodos mais acurados de avaliação da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, como a medida pela ecocardiografia tridimensional automática. Objetivo: Comparar as estimativas da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e dos volumes diastólico final e sistólico final do ventrículo esquerdo pelo método bidimensional semiautomático com as obtidas pelo método tridimensional automático. Método: Estudo observacional transversal, com pacientes em ritmo sinusal, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo >50% e sem cardiopatia estrutural significativa, submetidos ao ecocardiograma transtorácico. Teste t de Student, coeficiente de Pearson e análise de Bland-Altman foram usados na análise estatística. Resultados: Foram incluídos 40 pacientes, sendo: 53% mulheres, 35% hipertensos, 25% dislipidêmicos, 10% diabéticos, 10% tabagistas e 13% com angioplastia prévia. Os valores médios da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo aos métodos tri e bidimensionais foram 62,1 ± 5,8% e 61,7 ± 5,9% (p = 0,50), respectivamente. Houve forte correlação da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo determinada melos métodos bi e tridimensional (r = 0,74; p<0,001), assim como com o volume diastólico final (r = 0,75; p<0,001) e o sistólico final (r = 0,76; p<0,001). Houve boa concordância entre a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo bi e tridimensional (diferença média: -0,39; intervalo de confiança 95% -1,7-0,9). Conclusão: A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo estimada pelo método bidimensional semiautomático mostrou boa concordância com o método tridimensional automático. Os achados sugerem que o método bidimensional semiautomático represente uma alternativa confiável para avaliação dos volumes e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo.

Background: Left ventricular ejection fraction is one of the most used echocardiographic parameters in clinical practice. Its estimation by twodimensional manual method (Simpson method) has limited reproducibility and accuracy, and semi-automatic methods have been proposed. It becomes necessary to compare the semiautomatic two-dimensional method with more accurate methods of assessing left ventricular ejection fraction, such as measurement by automatic three-dimensional echocardiography. Objective: To compare the left ventricular ejection fraction, and left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes estimates by the semiautomatic two-dimensional method with those obtained using the automatic three-dimensional method. Method: Observational cross-sectional study, including patients in sinus rhythm, left ventricular ejection fraction > 50% and without significant structural heart disease, submitted to transthoracic echocardiography. Student's t test, Pearson's coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis wer

Evidencia científica de las propiedades medicinales de plantas para su uso en la medicina intercultural de Chile / Scientific evidence of the medicinal properties of plants for use in intercultural medicine in Chile

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo confirmar la evidencia científica existente de las propiedades terapéuticas de plantas chilenas que son utilizadas como medicamento por Machis de las regiones de La Araucanía y Los Ríos. El estudio se realizó en dos períodos en cuatro comunidades mapuches de esas regiones, entre Julio 2015 a marzo 2016 y segunda etapa entre agosto a diciembre 2017. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con las Machis, donde las informaciones entregadas sobre las aplicaciones medicinales fueron consensuadas entre los participantes. Las plantas identificadas fueron comparadas en sus propiedades con la evidencia experimental conocida, verificando científicamente las propiedades indicadas. Los resultados ofrecen un criterio adicional para la selección y uso de plantas en dolencias existentes en la población chilena. Los resultados de este estudio corroboran para algunas especies de plantas utilizadas, sus propiedades medicinales declaradas en enfermedades oncológicas. Dichos efectos exigen un estudio clínico necesario para su uso terapéutico.

The objective of this study was to confirm the existing scientific evidence of the therapeutical properties of Chilean plants to be used as medicine by Machis of the Araucanía and Los Ríos Chilean regions. The study was performed in two periods at four mapuche communities of these regions, between July 2015 to March 2016 and the second stage from August to December 2017. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the Machis, where the information delivered on the medicinal applications it was agreed among all participants. The identified plants were compared in their properties with the experimental evidence reported, verifying the indicated properties. The results offer an additional criteria for selecting plants to be used in the corresponding diseases of Chilean population. The results of this study support for some species of plants used their medicinal properties on oncological diseases. These facts require the necessary clinical support in order to prove as therapeutic treatment.

Caracterización de pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica aguda / Characterization of acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease patientscerebrovascular disease patient

Introducción: dada la alta mortalidad asociada con la enfermedad cerebrovascular, es necesario conocer las características clínicas, factores de riesgo, causas del evento, tiempos de atención y tratamiento de los pacientes para implementar medidas que mejoren la detección y su tratamiento. Objetivo: caracterizar a los pacientes adultos hospitalizados con diagnóstico de enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica atendidos en el Hospital de San José de Bogotá entre el 1 de junio de 2017 y 31 de mayo de 2018. Metodología: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se incluyeron mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica. La información se recolectó de las historias clínicas y se empleó estadística descriptiva para analizar los datos. Resultados: se incluyeron 160 pacientes. El tiempo de evolución tuvo una mediana de 9.9 horas, 85% de ellos ingresaron sin alteración de la conciencia y severidad leve. El tiempo puerta a imagen tuvo una mediana de 36 minutos y el de puerta a trombólisis de 72.5 minutos. Se realizaron neuroimágenes en la primera hora de ingreso a 65%, procedimientos de recanalización endovenosa a 13%, de arritmia cardíaca a 96% y de vasos carotídeos a 93%; 82.4% recibió terapia antiagregante y 76% lograron una marcha superior a 10 metros en el momento del egreso. Discusión y conclusiones: se requiere la realización de mejorías en los tiempos de atención para alcanzar las pautas establecidas en las guías internacionales actuales.

Introduction: due to the high mortality rates associated with cerebrovascular disease, knowledge on its clinical characteristics, risk factors, possible causes, time to initial care and treatment is required in order to implement measures to improve detection and treatment. Objective: to characterize adult patients admitted to Hospital de San José of Bogotá diagnosed with ischemic cerebrovascular disease between June 1 2017 and May 31 2018. Methodology: a descriptive cross-sectional study. Patients older than 18 years diagnosed with cerebrovascular disease were included. Relevant data was collected from clinical records and descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: 160 patients were included. The median progression was 9.9 hours, 85% of patients were admitted presenting no alteration of consciousness and mild severity. The median door-to- imaging time was 36 minutes and door-to-thrombolytic therapy 72.5 minutes. Sixty-five percent of patients received neuroimaging within the first hour of admission, endovenous recanalization procedures were conducted in 13%; of cardiac arrhythmias to 96% and of carotid vessels to 93 %; 82.4% received antiplatelet therapy and 76% were able to walk more than 10 meters at dismissal. Discussion and Conclusions: reducing time until initial medical care is required to meet the currently established international guidelines

Secuelas neurológicas del síndrome de Guillain-Barré en pacientes adultos / Neurologic sequelae of Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults

Introducción:el síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB) es una polineurorradiculopatía desmielinizante aguda inmunomediada. El síntoma principal es la debilidad muscular. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir las características del episodio agudo, las secuelas neurológicas a largo plazo y cómo estas afectan la situación laboral y las actividades de tiempo libre. Materiales y métodos: estudio realizado en dos fases: primera, descripción retrospectiva de casos; segunda, corte transversal donde se interrogaron las secuelas neurológicas y sus implicaciones. Resultados: se identificaron 63 casos de SGB con edad promedio de 50,79 años (DE 17.8), más frecuente en hombres (61,9%) y cuyo promedio de la escala Hughes en el episodio agudo fue 3,2 (DE ± 10,1). Las principales complicaciones durante la fase aguda fueron neumonía (7,94 %) y úlceras por presión (3,17 %). Se logró contactar vía telefónica a 28 pacientes, 82,1% presentó al menos un síntoma como secuela, 60,7% parestesias, 57,1% fatiga, 50% calambres y 46,4% dolor de características neuropáticas. El 32,1% tuvo cambios o retiro de su trabajo por las secuelas; 21,43% debió modificar sus actividades de tiempo libre. Conclusión: existe alta prevalencia de síntomas residuales discapacitantes después del episodio agudo de SGB con predominio de síntomas sensitivos, coincidiendo con estudios realizados en países desarrollados. Estas alteraciones ocasionan un impacto negativo en la actividad laboral y en la de tiempo libre de los pacientes.

Introduction: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated demyelinating polyneuropathy. The main symptom encountered is muscle weakness. This study seeks to describe the characteristics of an acute episode, the long-term neurologic sequelae and how they affect patients ́ work and leisure activities. Materials and Methods: a two-phase study comprising a retrospective case description in the first phase followed by a cross sectional study during the second phase in which patients were asked to describe their neurologic sequelae and how they affected them Results: we identified 63 cases of GBS, mean age was 50.79 years (SD 17.8), there was a male preponderance (61.9%) with a 3.2 (SD ± 10.1) average score on the Hughes scale during the acute episode. Major complications during the acute phase were pneumonia (7.94 %) and pressure sores (3.17 %). Phone contact was achieved with 28 patients, 82.1% presented at least one sequelae 60.7% paresthesia, 57.1% fatigue, 50% cramps and 46.4% neuropathic pain. In 32.1% of cases patients ́ work was adjusted or they were removed from work because of their sequelae; 21.43% had to modify their free-time activities. Conclusion: there is a high prevalence of disabling residual symptoms after a GBS acute episode predominantly sensory signs, which coincide with the results of studies conducted in developed countries. Said alterations negatively impact patients ́ work and leisure activities